In the 3Rs framework, what does Replacement prompt researchers to seek?

• A. Non-animal methods where possible.
• B. Fewer animals through Reduction.
• C. More refined techniques to minimize distress.
• D. Higher welfare standards for housed animals.

Answer: (A)

Replacement directs researchers to seek methods that avoid animal involvement whenever possible. If a non-animal approach can answer the research question with scientific validity—such as in vitro systems, computer models, or analysis of existing human data—it should be used in place of new animal experiments. Only when no suitable non-animal method exists should animal use be considered. The other Rs—Reduction and Refinement—cover using fewer animals and improving procedures to minimize suffering, respectively, which are related but address different aspects of the same ethical framework.